Personalized Medicine

Recent advances in the management of thyroid cancer have evolved directly from improved knowledge of the underlying genetics and molecular biology, an understanding that will continue to improve in the future, according to a recent review.

Immunotherapies have changed the way many patients with cancers, including patients with renal-cell carcinoma (RCC), are treated. Although some patients have a dramatic response to immunotherapies that appears to be sustained over the long-term, a large proportion of patients do not respond to treatment with programmed death (PD)-1 or PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. Therefore, the search continues for biomarkers that can help to determine which patients will likely respond to available checkpoint inhibitors, optimizing treatment selection.